This bibliography is a quick reference of abstracts on ways to improve women’s career paths within organisations. We have referenced 117 items, organised them into seven topic areas, and provided a brief summary of each item. Articles covering more than one topic have been included in each relevant area.

Building on the research used on Realising the opportunity, we have included other papers which contained significant data or analysis. We have also added in reports which contain concrete proposals for action or recommendations, and information on New Zealand.

We hope Inspiring Action will make it easier for human resources practitioners and managers, Chief Executive Officers and leadership teams, to identify practical steps to take to improve women’s career pathways in organisations. To find articles, use the search function below or download the full report.

2011
Area of focus:
Business Case
The authors discuss their recent research, in which subjects performed collaborative intellectual exercises. Based on their performance, teams were given collective intelligence scores.High IQ scores among team members were found to have only marginal correlation with collective intelligence, while the gender of members was found to be a much more significant factor. Teams with more women members were found to be more effective (or "more intelligent") than teams with fewer women. Woolley and Malone hypothesise that social sensitivity, a trait which women demonstrate to a higher level than men, could be the underlying cause of this result. The authors speculate that measures of collective intelligence could be used to examine and improve the functioning of groups at the organisational and societal levels.
2011
Area of focus:
Business Case
This report from a major professional services firm makes the case for gender diversity in terms of a "Gender Dividend" companies will reap from moving women into senior management. It makes this case at a government and business level, and describes the advantages of gender diversity (and risks associated with its absence) in terms of talent recruitment and retention, customer engagement, decision making and earnings.To implement effective change companies must ask and answer questions about the expected impact of increased diversity in their workforce. Examples of such self-assessment questions are provided for development of a company's own business case. It is argued that promoting women into leadership needs to be analysed and weighted as any other significant business project would be. Subsequent programmes and initiatives are then required at every level of the organisation, and gender diversity needs to be embedded into the core of decision-making process. Profiles are presented of the recently-appointed US Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women's Issues, of Deloitte's own internal initiative for women leadership, and of a key male leader within this initiative.
2011
Area of focus:
Business Case
This report summarises research into corporate governance conducted by an international law firm. Share price information for 241 major companies during the 2007-2009 period was compared with data on the composition of the companies' boards. Dimensions examined included size, diversity, independence, the mix of skills and experience of members and their longevity of service. The study found that smaller boards tended to perform better, and that a higher number of female and independent directors was beneficial.The authors present a model of "optimal board composition", in terms of executive, non-executive and independent directors, which specifies that an optimal board should have two or more women as members. The report concludes with a list of the emerging challenges directors have identified in the present business climate.
2011
Area of focus:
Business Case, Flexible Working
This paper re-states the business case for diversity in terms of a re-definition of diversity which moves beyond visible differences and discrimination, instead framing the issue in terms of diversity of thought within the workplace. It advances the argument that women's inclusion in the workforce yields business results not because of special attributes the women themselves possess, but because diversity is an indicator of an organisation's willingness to access their entire talent pool and manifest a culture of openness and merit.The paper argues that workplace flexibility has been found to yield higher productivity for both men and women, regardless of country or culture, and as such it should be re-framed from a women's issue to a universal and genuine offer made to all employees. For diverse teams to work, organisations must have supportive cultures and inclusive leadership with specialised skills. Action points are provided at the paper's conclusion for organisations wishing to enhance diversity and inclusion in their workforce.
2011
Area of focus:
Business Case
This report examines the progression of women into senior management roles in Canada over a 22 year period, finding that little or no significant progress has occurred. It provides statistics for gender diversity at senior and middle management in the public and private sector over the period, and the results from a 2006 survey of subjects of study chosen by tertiary students of both genders, towards a prediction of future workforce demographics.The report presents the business case for diversity in terms of meeting future workforce shortages, especially in male-dominated professions, and in terms of higher return on personnel investment. It provides a summary of reasons why women are under-represented, including discussion of the "labyrinth" and "glass cliff" concepts, as well as stereotypes, bias, and the effects of company culture. Case studies are presented of three major companies from various sectors, and facing different challenges, which have achieved success in increasing representation through differing strategies. The report concludes by describing nine best practices companies are currently using to increase their proportions of female managers.
2012
Area of focus:
Business Case
This academic paper presents a review of the literature on the business case for gender balance. The review covers expected workforce shortages following recovery from the current recession, the demonstrated benefits of women's participation in the workforce and of female leadership, and rising female control over consumer expenditure.The paper also presents original research data on female representation in the senior management of 956 American companies. It finds that women occupy only 9.94 percent of the top five executive roles in the companies studied, varying from 2.62 percent representation in the top executive (Chief Executive equivalent) role to 19.34 percent in the fifth-ranked role. Results are further tabulated by industry sector.
2012
Area of focus:
Business Case
This report summary presents the relevant findings from Grant Thornton International Ltd.'s 2012 International Business Report. It briefly outlines the business benefits of women's representation at the board level as being improved performance, better audit and risk practices, and a reduced likelihood of the company failing.It presents detailed statistical data of female representation in senior management from various countries around the world, finding that women occupied 21 percent of senior management roles globally in 2012, compared with 19 percent in 2004. The report details some initiatives for addressing the gap, including quotas for board membership. It also examines the issue of flexible working hours, but finds no significant correlation between availability of flexible hours and women's representation in senior management.
2012
Area of focus:
Business Case
This report, produced by the research division of a major investment bank, examines the effect that gender diversity in corporate governance has on corporate performance. Data was collected on over 2,300 companies from around the world, and analysis found that over the six year period from 2005-2011 companies with at least one woman on their board outperformed, on average, those with no women. Statistics are presented for average market cap in a variety of sectors, showing a linear increase trend by number of women on companies' boards in most sectors.The authors hypothesise that companies with higher numbers of female directors are relatively defensive in nature, which matches the challenges of the current economic climate. Seven key reasons are provided why gender diversity may correlate with performance, from a better mix of leadership skills, increased effort being put into governance, improved standards of governance and increased risk aversion. A feature interview is provided with Professor Katherine Phillips of Columbia Business School, that offers insights on the benefits of diverse teams and the challenges they face.The paper concludes with a discussion of gender diversity policies which have been set in place in various nations, and of the barriers to change which have been identified to date. 
2013
Area of focus:
Business Case
This in-depth report to the UK government, prepared by an independent working group, provides recommendations to increase female participation in the workforce. It presents the business case, emphasising that £70 billion is contributed to the British economy annually by woman-led Small-Medium Enterprises, and that 10 percent could be added to the economy by 2030 by equalising workforce participation. Analysis is provided of women's working lives at the schooling, career break and "third phase" stages, as well as for female entrepreneurs.A wide range of practical actions are considered, including: proposals to improve school career guidance and encourage girls to enter a wider range of professions; assistance for mothers returning to work; adoption of flexible working hours; retailoring contracts to fit job requirements rather than defined work hours or locations; provision of assistive technology for carers, to enable them to remain in the workforce; and promotion of female entrepreneurialism at the government and financial services levels. The report contains numerous case studies of how similar actions have been implemented across a range of British industries.
2014
Area of focus:
Business Case
This flip book from an international gender consultancy presents the case for gender balance in the workplace in a novel and readable format. It uses the gender composition of a company's senior executive as an "easy measure" of a company's success on this issue, with 25 percent women seen as "critical mass" and 40 percent seen as "balance".Women are argued to be the largest emerging market world-wide. The authors believe that companies need to reframe the issue away from "helping women" or as a "diversity issue", as women now constitute a majority of trained talent. A five-step approach to achieving balance in companies is briefly outlined.

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